Spiny Lobster (Rock Lobster) Facts

A spiny lobster is any lobster in the family Palinuridae, which includes at least 60 species. These species are grouped into 12 genera, which include Palinurus, Panulirus, Linuparus, and Nupalirus (word play on the family name). There are numerous names for the spiny lobster. Commonly-used names include the rock lobster, langouste, or langusta. It is also sometimes called a crayfish or crawfish, even though these terms also refer to a separate freshwater animal. Fast Facts: Spiny Lobster Scientific Name: Family Palinuridae (e.g. Panulirus interruptus)Other Names: Rock lobster, langouste, langusta, sea crayfish, furry lobsterDistinguishing Features: Shaped like a true lobster, but has long, spiny antennae and lacks large clawsAverage Size: 60 cm (24 in)Diet: OmnivorousLife Span: 50 years or moreHabitat: Tropical oceans worldwideConservation Status: Depends on speciesKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ArthropodaSubphylum: CrustaceaClass: MalacostracaOrder: DecapodaFun Fact: Spiny lobsters make a rasping sound using friction at the base of their antennae. Description The spiny lobster resembles a true lobster in its shape and hard exoskeleton, but the two types of crustacean arent closely related. Unlike true lobsters, spiny lobsters have extremely long, thick, spiny antennae. They also lack large claws or chelae, although mature female spiny lobsters have a small claw on their fifth pair of walking legs. The average size of a mature spiny lobster depends on its species, but they may exceed 60 centimeters or 2 feet in length. Specimens of many spiny lobster species are red or brown, but some spiny lobsters have mottled patterns and display vivid colors. Some species of spiny lobster are colorful. DigiPub / Getty Images Distribution Spiny lobsters live in tropical oceans worldwide. However, they are most commonly found in the Caribbean and Mediterranean, in coastal waters off Southeast Asia and Australia, and off the coast of South Africa. Behavior The spiny lobster spends most of its time hidden within a rocky crevice or reef, exiting at night to feed and migrate. During migration, groups of up to 50 spin lobsters move in single file, keeping contact with each other with their antennae. They navigate using scent and taste, as well as through their ability to detect the Earths magnetic field. Reproduction and Life Cycle Spiny lobsters reach sexual maturity when they reach the necessary size, which depends on water temperature and food availability. The average age of maturity is between 5 and 9 years for females and 3 and 6 years for males. During mating, males transfer spermatophores directly into the females sternum. The female spiny lobster carries 120,000 to 680,000 fertilized eggs on her pleopods for around 10 weeks until they hatch. Juvenile painted spiny lobster. Hal Beral / Getty Images Spiny lobster larvae are zooplankton that do not resemble adults. The larvae feed on plankton and go through several molts and larval stages. In the case of the California spiny lobster, 10 molts and larval stages take place between hatching and reaching the juvenile form. Juveniles sink to the bottom of the ocean, where they eat small crabs, amphipods, and isopods until they are big enough to take larger prey. It is difficult to gauge the age of a spiny lobster because it gains a new exoskeleton each time it molts, but the animals lifespan is believed to be 50 years or more. Diet and Predators Spiny lobsters are omnivorous, eating live prey, decaying matter, and plants. During the day, they stay hidden in crevices, but at night they may venture from crevices to hunt. Typical prey include sea urchins, snails, crabs, sea hares, mussels, and clams. Spiny lobsters have not been observed eating other members of their own species. The crustaceans navigate and hunt using senses of smell and taste. Humans are the spiny lobsters most significant predator, as the animals are fished for meat. The spiny lobsters natural predators include sea otters, octopuses, sharks, and bony fishes. Sound When threatened by a predator, the spiny lobster flexes its tail to escape backwards and emits a loud rasping sound. The sound is produced using a stick-slip method, like a violin. The sound emanates when the base of the antennae rubs across a file on the antennal plate. Interestingly, the spiny lobster can make this sound even after it molts and its shell is soft. While some insects (e.g. grasshoppers and crickets) produce sounds in a similar fashion, the spiny lobsters specific method is unique. Conservation Status For most spiny lobster species, there is is insufficient data for conservation status classification. Of the species listed on the IUCN Red List, most are categorized as least concern. However, the common spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas) is vulnerable with a decreasing population. The Cape Verde spiny lobster (Palinurus charlestoni) is near threatened. The most significant threat to spiny lobsters is over-exploitation by fisheries. Climate change and single catastrophic events also threaten some species, particularly if they live within a restricted range. Sources Hayward, P. J. and J. S. Ryland (1996). Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 430. ISBN 0-19-854055-8.Lipcius, R. N. and D. B. Eggleston (2000). Introduction: Ecology and fishery biology of spiny lobsters. In Bruce F. Phillips J. Kittaka. Spiny Lobsters: Fisheries and Culture (2nd ed.). John Wiley Sons. pp. 1–42. ISBN 978-0-85238-264-6.Patek, S. N. and J. E. Baio (2007). The acoustic mechanics of stick-slip friction in the California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus). Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (20): 3538–3546. doi:10.1242/jeb.009084Sims, Harold W. Jr. (1965). Lets call the spiny lobster spiny lobster. Crustaceana. 8 (1): 109–110. doi:10.1163/156854065X00613

Corruption In The Great Gatsby Essay - 701 Words

The wealthy in the late 20’s was corrupt and selfish. In the Great Gatsby the upper class is shown as corruptive. The people in the upper class such as Tom and Daisy don’t really care about their actions because they feel invincible due to their amount of money and the power they have. Fitzgerald illustrates the corruption in the way upper class is care-less about their behavior. The way people in the upper class behave toward others and in society demonstrates how corruptive they are. At Gatsby parties the people behaved as they wanted like when Lucille was telling Jordan about going to one of the parties â€Å"I never care what I do, so I always have a good time†(The Great Gatsby 23). In other words Lucille is just another example of the†¦show more content†¦He feel the white race has to be superior and have to control over the other races. He is so ignorant that doesn’t care about anything else than power and money. Even though Nick believes t hat Gatsby is different than the others in the wealthy he was just as corrupt and dishonest as the others in the upper class. When they were all together Tom revealed what he had find out about how Gatsby made his money and he disclose â€Å"I find out what your ‘drug-stores’ were†(The Great Gatsby 284). He was referring to the illegal alcohol that Gatsby as selling to make his fortune. Tom was pointing out how Gatsby’s money wasn’t honest to make him look bad in front of Daisy and everybody else. Nick was trying to know more about Gatsby and his business life and he because some of the things Gatsby was saying didn’t add up so Nick indicated I thought you inherited your money. I did, old sport, he said automatically, but I lost most of it in the big panic – the panic of the war. I think he hardly knew what he was saying, for when I asked him what business he was in he answered, Thats my affair, before he realized that it wasnt the ap propriate reply†(The Great Gatsby 97). The fact that Gatsby was lying about how he made his money shows how dishonest and corrupt he was that he had to hid it. In the way the upper class behaves careless about their actions in the Great Gatsby demonstrates how corruptive they are. Gatsby, Daisy, and Tom are the main examplesShow MoreRelatedCorruption In The Great Gatsby Essay822 Words   |  4 PagesScott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is about a writer named Nick Carraway. He leaves the Midwest and comes to New York City in the spring of 1922 . Nick chases his American Dream and ends up living next door to a mysterious, party-loving millionaire, Jay Gatsby, who is   across the water from his cousin, Daisy and her husband, Tom Buchanan. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald reveals that the upper class society is corrupt from money. This is best proven through Gatsby, Daisy, and Tom. UpperclassmenRead MoreEssay on The Corruption of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby1302 Words   |  6 Pages On April 10, 1925 F. Scott Fitzgerald published The Great Gatsby, a novel that would later become one of the best known pieces of classic literature in history. However, at the time of its publication, Gatsby was fairly unpopular ad the reviews were never consistent. As shocking as it may seem, I believe it is because Fitzgerald’s intelligence and creativity levels were way ahead of his time, which is evident when one pays close attention to the themes of the novel. ForgivenessRead MoreEssay about Corruption in The Great Gatsby1141 Words   |  5 Pagesdancing, and jazz music in the upper class parties. 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Whistleblowing Calls For A Royal Commission -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Whistleblowing Calls For A Royal Commission? Answer: Introduction The Australian: The decision of the Federal Governments announcement just before the Christmas break can have longing impacts at an all engulfing level that may not yet be apparently clear to everyone right now. The Commonwealth Bank is going to undergo a complete clean-out of its board and management. Many think that this would mean that the entire financial structure would be changed in the country and the accounting institutions role is going to be drastically and irrevocably altered. While there are others who maintain that this announcement is simply a subjective investigation on whether human involvement can be replaced by the new technology. The Commonwealth Bank has been facing allegations, for a long time, of being largely ignorant about money laundering of the drug syndicates, being oblivious to terrorism financing and being irresponsible for more than three years for almost a million bank accounts. Failure of such magnitude can be significantly negatively impacting to, and undermine, the national security of the country. The situation has become so bad that some people have suggested that the banks should hold giving bonuses to the executives so that every entity including the community, and those who are at the authoritative positions are delivered a strong message. The call for a royal commission to the banking sector has its seeds sowed at least three years back, when a senate committee suggested that the Commonwealth Bank should be given a royal commission for the financial planning scandal. The Labour party for more than a year that such a commission would be facilitating in making the sector stronger than before. After the investigations of the Commonwealth Bank financial planning scandal being done through the senate inquiry, National senators have vigorously advocated and called for a banking royal commission. A draft for a commission of enquiry was made and even some of the lower house members gave their support for the same. Just as the bill was to be introduced to in the Senate, the Prime Minister announced the royal commission. One of the most significant and major effects of the royal commission is the fact that interest rates are going to shoot upwards, which means that the citizens of the country are going to be the real sufferers from this decision. Others have dismissed the step by saying that the commission would not be doing anything rather than simply digging up the things that have already happened. But that being the exact and entire point of an enquiry in the first place, these opinions do not hold any grounds. Politicians have argued that the royal commission is, in essence, an elaborate cover up that the government is using to keep a lot of financial scandals hidden from the public eye. If this is indeed the case, then there are a lot of serious concerning issues. The bank has been continuously losing its credibility and reliability to the masses since it is a sector that sees its leaders being given tremendous salaries and paying itself with bonuses, but as soon as the situation gets a little bad, they demand taxpayer protection. The Financial Review: Jeff Morris can finally breathe a sigh of relief as the Federal Government announces the Royal Commission on the Commonwealth Bank. Being the first whistle blower to the corruptions of the bank, Morris ultimately has the satisfaction in seeing the government actually taking formidable steps towards trying to make the financial scandal being scrutinised and justifications be made. He now says that, despite met with severe hostilities and threats against his life, as well as losing his job, he still feels that is he has actually achieved something after all. Royal commission simply refers to any form of public inquiry that is validated by a parliament act. In effect, royal commissions are governed by acts that are passed through the legislature system and depending on the severity of the event that is being investigated, the commission is also to be debated over on many occasions before actually being put into effect. The financial commission that has been sanctioned by the Federal Government will be looking into the financial planning scandal. Since a commission has the authority to look into any fact in order to uphold the peace and order of the Commonwealth, this is considered to be uncovering a lot of hidden facts and issues that were previously duped by the government and not brought forth to the public. The current commission will be investigating the allegations of corruption and misconduct in the sector of financial services sector. Hence, it can be understood that the facts behind banks spending peoples retirement savings excessively or giving out dubious financial advices would finally be looked into and the different corruption practices that were in play would be revealed properly. The Commonwealth Bank has failed to uphold the community standards and serve accordingly, which the commission is going to be discussing and investigations of the corruption is sure to be uncovering a lot of truths. However, the problem with this may be the fact that the taxpayers would have to be suffering ultimately once again. Since the commission is being funded by the government, it means that taxpayers are the ones who are going to be financing it. This may throttle the interest rates of the banks to get higher, so this means that more burden on the taxpayers, the citizens of the country, once again. The amount that is needed for this is not quite small either: $75 million to be raised from simply taxes is not a mere task. The commission would not be having any executing powers vested upon itself: it can rather only make suggestions to the government, which is entirely upon them to take or reject. The royal commission is to be headed by former High Court judge Kenneth Hayne. The rest of the panel which is going to be in the investigation committee are all previously public servants and this gives them excellent knowledge on how to properly do the investigation so that the public can be the most benefited. References Boyle, P. (2016). We need an inquiry into the marketing industry.Green Left Weekly, (1087), 6. Ferguson, A., Butler, B. (2014). Commonwealth Bank facing royal commission call after Senate financial planning inquiry.Banking and Finance, The Sydney Morning Herald, Business Day ed., published by Fairfax Media, Sydney, NSW,26. Matthews, A. (2016). The financial services industry: Whistleblowing and calls for a royal commission.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (136), 35. McIlroy, J. (2017). Bank inquiry aimed at heading off royal commission.Green Left Weekly, management, 2. McIlroy, J. (2017). Bank royal commission: Is this the last straw for Turnbull?.Green Left Weekly, (1164), 4.

Seinfeld Essays - Seinfeld, Culture Of New York City, Jerry Seinfeld

Seinfeld There is this particular show that I really love watching on tv. It's called Seinfeld, a show portraying a group of 4 weird New Yorkers as they go on with their normal lives. For me this has to be the best comedy program ever. Why ? Because its different, and what makes it different? Their storylines, it definitely has to be it. If you think about it, Seinfeld's storylines are very weird and generally, they don't really have a big angle that other American shows and all Filipinos shows would normally have. They simply show the characters as they are, as they face the New York lifestyle ? that's it ! When was the last time you saw a show where the whole episode for example revolves about a group of people lining up for a piece of bread, or two guys buying in a fruit stand probably never? It's just these four people blabbering on every topic you never imagine people would normally talk about ( such as the episode where they showed a misunderstanding between two women that started from a simple non sharing of toilet paper in the restroom.) ? Maybe that's the secret of Seinfeld's success, of it being really funny and very amusing to watch, it's basically the simplicity and the weirdness of the show's storylines that makes it click with the viewers. It's just a pity that the cast decided to dissolve the show. They left their show while it was at it's peak, just like the way Michael Jordan left basketball to retire. Their show was the constant top rater and garnered the most advertisement. I even read in a newspaper that the network which showed Seinfeld , even offered each of the main characters something like a million pesos per episode, just for them to continue the show. But I guess they were already filthy rich by then to be tempted by the huge pay? and there goes Sienfeld. Film and Cinema

Free Essays on Midsummers Night Dream

A Midsummer Night’s Dream William Shakespeare’s play A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a classic love story about two young would-be couples, and an aspiring actor named Bottom who end up being caught in the middle of a lovers quarrel between Oberon, the king of the fairies and Titania, his Queen. They all find themselves tangled in a web of chaos, administered by Oberon and his sidekick Puck. The chaotic love story ensues, as Puck administers a secret love potion that causes the lovers to switch partners as if they have fallen in love at first sight. William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is purely magical because it transports you deep into the enchanted forests of Athens near the secret home of the fairies, where water nymphs, satyrs and fairies make a dream-like fantasy become reality. Just like how Michael Hoffman’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is based on a dream world, so are these little magical creatures named fairies. Fairies go by many different nicknames, but the name Fay’s is the early form of the word fairy. There are many different kinds of faeriekith nature spirits, which have been brought to life by the essence of Celtic-mythology. Fairies may not exist in reality but these magical nature spirits do exist in our childhood dreams. This dream world brings magic and fantasy into our lives in the form of imaginary small beings with magical powers. These magical little creatures not only live in Never-never land or enchanted forests but they also live in our imagination where fairies, water nymphs and satyrs sing and dance in our minds. We have all grown up watching little fairies sprinkle fairy dust on people in the movies, and watched them in amazement as they magically disappear into mid air without a trace. At a young age we only wished we could experience the fairies magical powers first hand, but as we get older we start to detach are selves from magic and fantasy, especially fairies. This is w... Free Essays on Midsummers Night Dream Free Essays on Midsummers Night Dream A Midsummer Night’s Dream William Shakespeare’s play A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a classic love story about two young would-be couples, and an aspiring actor named Bottom who end up being caught in the middle of a lovers quarrel between Oberon, the king of the fairies and Titania, his Queen. They all find themselves tangled in a web of chaos, administered by Oberon and his sidekick Puck. The chaotic love story ensues, as Puck administers a secret love potion that causes the lovers to switch partners as if they have fallen in love at first sight. William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is purely magical because it transports you deep into the enchanted forests of Athens near the secret home of the fairies, where water nymphs, satyrs and fairies make a dream-like fantasy become reality. Just like how Michael Hoffman’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is based on a dream world, so are these little magical creatures named fairies. Fairies go by many different nicknames, but the name Fay’s is the early form of the word fairy. There are many different kinds of faeriekith nature spirits, which have been brought to life by the essence of Celtic-mythology. Fairies may not exist in reality but these magical nature spirits do exist in our childhood dreams. This dream world brings magic and fantasy into our lives in the form of imaginary small beings with magical powers. These magical little creatures not only live in Never-never land or enchanted forests but they also live in our imagination where fairies, water nymphs and satyrs sing and dance in our minds. We have all grown up watching little fairies sprinkle fairy dust on people in the movies, and watched them in amazement as they magically disappear into mid air without a trace. At a young age we only wished we could experience the fairies magical powers first hand, but as we get older we start to detach are selves from magic and fantasy, especially fairies. This is w...

8 requisitos visas J-1 maestros para trabajar en EE.UU.

8 requisitos visas J-1 maestros para trabajar en EE.UU. Los maestros extranjeros que desean trabajar en Estados Unidos en las escuelas de primaria o de secundaria pueden obtener distintos tipos de visas para trabajar, como la H-1B para profesionales o la J-1, tambià ©n conocida como de intercambio. En este artà ­culo se explica quà © debe saberse del programa J-1 para docentes, incluida la obligacià ³n de residir fuera de Estados Unidos al finalizar el programa  y quà © agencias estn autorizadas para patrocinar una visa de este tipo.   Asimismo se explican los requisitos mà ­nimos que se piden para obtener la visa, quà © gastos corren de cuenta del maestro solicitante, quà © familiares pueden viajar a Estados Unidos con lo que se se conoce como visa derivada y, finalmente, si econà ³micamente compensa trabajar con una visa J-1. Pasos para J-1 para maestros extranjeros Obtener patrocinio a travà ©s de una agencia o un organismo oficialObtener el DS-2019Pagar SEVISAcudir a un consulado estadounidense para obtener visa J-1 Caracterà ­sticas de las visas para docentes J-1 Tiempo de vigencia La J-1 es una visa ampliamente utilizada por los que desean ejercer de profesores de primaria o secundaria en EE.UU. Su periodo de vigencia es de entre uno y tres aà ±os.   Cabe destacar que para enseà ±ar en una universidad se puede obtener este mismo tipo de visa, pero en otro programa.   Materias Puede enseà ±arse cualquier materia, desde Ciencias y Matemticas a Mà ºsica. Pero lo cierto es que todos los aà ±os se ofertan muchas plazas para docentes del idioma espaà ±ol. Obligacià ³n de salir de EE.UU. Al finalizar el contrato, el maestro debe necesariamente regresar a su paà ­s de origen. Adems, debern pasar al menos dos aà ±os antes de que pueda solicitar otra visa, como por ejemplo la H-1B, para entrar de nuevo en Estados Unidos. Incluso es posible solicitar de nuevo participar en el programa J-1. La visa J-1 no permite que se busque intencionadamente obtener una oferta de trabajo en EE.UU. o emigrar permanentemente a EE.UU. mediante la obtencià ³n de una tarjeta de residencia permanente. Aunque hay excepciones – conocidas como waiver– a esta regla de estancia fuera de EE.UU. por un periodo de dos aà ±os, lo cierto es que en la mayorà ­a de los casos es muy difà ­cil conseguir anular la obligacià ³n de regresar al paà ­s de origen por un par de aà ±os. Es fundamental entender esta restriccià ³n ya que sorprende a muchos maestros extranjeros ya que aplica incluso en casos en los que la persona con una visa J-1 se casa de buena fe con un ciudadano americano que a continuacià ³n pide los papeles para su cà ³nyuge extranjero. Este matrimonio no es suficiente para levantar la obligacià ³n de residir fuera de los Estados Unidos por dos aà ±os al acaba el programa. Patrocinador de profesores para enseà ±ar en EE.UU. El docente extranjero puede trabajar en una escuela pà ºblica, privada o una charter, es decir, una escuela pà ºblica gestionada privadamente. La à ºnica condicià ³n es que està ©n acreditadas con el programa. En este tipo de visas es fundamental la figura del patrocinador. Esta es una lista de 10 agencias autorizadas por el Departamento de Estado para contratar maestros extranjeros. No todos los patrocinadores son iguales y algunos estn especializados en determinadas materias o en determinados estados, por lo que se recomienda solicitar informacià ³n de varios de ellos y comparar antes de decidirse por uno de ellos. Los patrocinadores y la escuela proporcionarn al maestro toda la documentacià ³n necesaria, entre ellos el formulario DS-2019, para comenzar el proceso de peticià ³n de visa ante el consulado estadounidense correspondiente, que puede denegarla  por ser inelegible si no se cumplen todos los requisitos y tambià ©n si no se cumplen los requisitos para ser admitido a los Estados Unidos. Adems, el patrocinador ser el punto de contacto principal del maestro durante su estancia en EEUU y deber resolver cualquier problema que pueda surgir. 8 requisitos para obtener la visa J-1 para maestros Para que un maestro extranjero pueda trabajar en EE.UU. con una visa J-1 es necesario cumplir, como mà ­nimo, con los siguientes requisitos. Fluidez en inglà ©s. Pueden exigir un puntaje mà ­nimo en el TOEFL o pueden comprobarlo en una entrevista o ambas cosas.Tà ­tulo que de maestro de primaria o secundaria en su paà ­sCumplir con los requisitos de certificacià ³n para enseà ±ar que exija el estado de la Unià ³n americana en el que quiere enseà ±ar.Experiencia profesional mà ­nima de dos aà ±os (24 meses) como maestro o en una actividad relacionada.Disponibilidad para trabajar a jornada completa.  En muchos casos se pide que el maestro tenga licencia de manejar con una antigà ¼edad mà ­nima de dos aà ±os.Acreditacià ³n de los credenciales educativos por una organizacià ³n aprobada por el patrocinador de la visa.Finalmente, el candidato debe ser una persona de buen carcter moral. Es decir, bsicamente, que nunca haya sido condenado por un delito. Una condena puede hacer imposible conseguir una visa en un Consulado estadounidense. Viajar con familiares El maestro que obtenga una J-1 puede viajar a EEUU acompaà ±ado por su cà ³nyuge y sus hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os de edad. Los familiares obtendrn una visa J-2, de naturaleza derivada, esto es, si la J-1 es cancelada o expira, tambià ©n lo har la J-2. El marido o la mujer del maestro, que tendr una visa J-2, podr trabajar en EEUU siempre y cuando pida permiso al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y le sea concedido. Para solicitarlo debern probar que los ingresos se destinarn a mantenerse a sà ­ mismo y a hijos menores de edad, si los hubiese, pero no al titular de la J-1. Si à ©ste fuera el caso, el USCIS denegar el permiso. El formulario para pedir el permiso es el I-765 y que en la actualidad tiene un costo $410  para procesarlo y que puede incrementarse en cualquier momento. El permiso expirar al mismo tiempo que la visa. Los hijos de un maestro con J-1 y que tienen a su propio nombre una visa J-2 pueden estudiar en escuelas pà ºblicas o privadas de EE.UU. Quà © gastos pagan los docentes titulares de visas J-1 En primer lugar, se debe pagar la denominada tasa SEVIS por un importe de $220 para cubrir los gastos de gestià ³n del programa de intercambio. La excepcià ³n son los programas de intercambio con patrocinio federal. En estos casos no se paga tarifa por SEVIS y son los programas cuyos cà ³digos comienzan por G-1, G-2, G-3 o G-7. No se paga tarifa SEVIS para el cà ³nyuge e hijos del maestro que recibe la visa J-1. El pago de SEVIS debe hacerse directamente al Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DHS) antes de acudir al consulado a obtener la visa. Si el maestro viaja a EEUU con su familia, la tasa no aplica ni para los hijos ni para el cà ³nyuge. Es decir, sà ³lo la paga el titular de la J-1. A continuacià ³n deber pagarse un arancel de $160 por tener la visa estampada en el pasaporte. Cada uno de los familiares que acompaà ±e al maestro deber abonar otros $160 por cada visa derivada J-2 que se emita. Adems, algunos consulados exigen pequeà ±os gastos adicionales, como pago de hasta $20 por cerrar una cita por telà ©fono o abono por el envà ­o por correo de documentacià ³n. En el momento de acudir al Consulado o Embajada para ser entrevistado y obtener la visa hay que enfatizar que algunos consulados piden al solicitante una gran cantidad de documentacià ³n para probar que no tiene intencià ³n de quedarse en EEUU. Los requisitos varà ­an de paà ­s a paà ­s, hay que estar preparado para ello y lo cierto es que se pide ms documentacià ³n en los paà ­ses con un nà ºmero alto de nacionales que han violado los tà ©rminos de sus visas al no abandonar EEUU cuando tenà ­an que hacerlo. Salarios de maestros en Estados Unidos Trabajar en Estados Unidos como maestro brinda conocidas ventajas, como conocer otro paà ­s y practicar inglà ©s. Pero es tambià ©n importante saber  cunto ganan los maestros en Estados Unidos. Las cantidades varà ­an enormemente segà ºn el estado, la ciudad, la especialidad y los aà ±os trabajados. Adems, es importante conocer el monto de los impuestos y de la canasta alimenticia en el lugar donde se piensa trabajar. Puede suceder que se gane mucho ms que en el paà ­s de origen pero que, desde el punto de vista econà ³mico teniendo en cuenta los gastos, no resulte ventajoso. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Finance Article Critiques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finance Article Critiques - Essay Example Blair-Loy conducted a study to evaluate the changes that have occurred in the cultural frameworks of family responsibilities of women executives in the financial sector. She defined two gendered cultural frameworks i.e. a work devotion schema and a family devotion schema. These schemes are identified as the main causes of conflicts in the interviewees’ vision for a meaningful life. From the interviews, the older interviewees are more inclined to portray a diametrically opposed conflict between the family and work schemes, thus many avoid childbearing or getting into marriages. On the other hand, the younger respondents who did not experience the women’s movement of the 1970s have reconstituted the family scheme through sub-contracting domestic roles in order to main their demanding careers. Nonetheless, the schema on family devotion haunts all cohorts due to its emotional, normative and cognitive power. Thus, she concludes that gender, when expressed in familial cultura l frameworks, continue to be a significant constraint on the minds and the hearts of women.The study utilized a cohort study by evaluating the executives’ devotion to either family or work based on their experiences and upbringing in different periods. the different cohorts make it easy to calculate the required ratios and to relate them to factors such as the women’s movement. This makes it easy to attribute the result to specific factors. Nonetheless, such an approach will require the re-assessment of these factors over time.

English settlement in the Americas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English settlement in the Americas - Essay Example The colonization had made Spain the wealthiest nation, during the later years of the 1500s. The inflow of the English was triggered by the need to colonize and explore the Americas, after they saw that Spain was growing extremely rich during the sixteenth century (Benedict 1996). However, the colonization and the exploration style of England was different from that of Portugal and Spain, as England privatized its exploration, through granting letters of Marquis and charters to the individuals that captured English colonies as economic strongholds. This paper will explore the motives behind the development of English settlements in the Americas, both from the perspective of the settlers and official policy formulations (Starkey 1998). The motives included mercantilism, which is the economic outlook of integrating private and government efforts, towards fostering economic development. The aims of the system included managing all the components of American trade, including transport, pr oduction and retailing – under the control of England. ... There was also the spread of Protestantism, partly due to Henry VIII’s pursuit of getting a male child. After the death of Edward in 1553, Mary I took over, and she started killing Protestants, so that she could restore England to Catholicism. On one occasion, she commanded the execution of 300 Protestants for heresy, and had them burnt. During the time of fleeing England to avoid persecution, and after the reign of Elizabeth, the English settled in the Americas – and in the process realized the goal of expanding their religious coverage (Spielvogel 2000). The English sought to expand the coverage of their religion, as there was the common view that Spanish Catholicism was evil. As a result, the attacks staged on Spanish ships by Sir Francis, while in the American waters were hailed as a heroic act, and not pirate activity. The demolition of the Spanish armada paved way for the English explorers to colonize the Americas, which was also an effort to contain the spread of Catholicism. The development of English settlements in the Americas was also triggered by the population increase of the 1500s. During the time, England passed laws on enclosure, making all land private, which made it very difficult for commoners to feed their animals at public lands. The shift towards privatizing land resulted from the increase in the price of wool. As a result, land owners decided to stop the competition for provision of wool by increasing their farm lands and to increase their wealth through the trade. The shift increased wool production, but also led to an increase in the number of landless people, who has sustained their livelihood by grazing at public lands. Also, between 1530

Personal Narrative and First-Hand Observation Essay Example for Free

Personal Narrative and First-Hand Observation Essay Personal Narrative and First-Hand Observation in a Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, the Ballot or the Bullet, and Dance with the Devil By davidleny Personal narrative and first-hand observation are key components if an author wishes to be effective in his writing. Through the use of personal narrative and first- hand observation, the author is able to gain sympathy from or relate to the audience. Although it can be argued the use of these two components does not result in effective writing, it is proven to be true in Frederick Douglass A Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, Malcolm Xs The Ballot or the Bullet, and Immortal Techniques Dance with the Devil. In A Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass, Frederick uses his personal life experience to demonstrate the inhumane brutality and mistreatment against the African American slaves. Douglass is effective in his writing and attracts the attention of the audience. For example, earlier in the narrative Frederick mentions how loving and caring his grandmother was and how she took care of and nurtured every slave child. Later on in the narrative he mentions that when his old masters die, his grandmother was isolated and taken away from her children to live alone in the woods in a mud chimney hut. Text 1) The use of Douglass personal experience with his grandmother captivates his audience because the African American enslaved community, whom this narrative at the time was directed towards, also had a grandmother who nurtured them. Likewise in The Ballot or The Bullet by Malcolm X, Malcolm discusses that even though people have differences, we all face the same problem. Malcolm expresses that whether you are Muslim, Baptist, or Methodist, we all are going to suffer the decisions of the man that is in charge of us. (Text 2) The audience is able to connect to his experience because e involved people of all religions. Malcolms experience allows the audience to become aware of what is to come and that they will all suffer the consequences. Malcolm is effective in his writing because he includes the rights of every human. The audience concerning their well being of is captivated and becomes aware of the situation. Furthermore in Dance with the Devil by Immortal Techniques, the artist reveals the truth that not everyone is good, that everyone has evil in them. The artists engagement of all races and of the welfare of the people gains the attention f the audience and is effective. For example, the artist says that the person right next to you could be the devil and that the devil consumes the hearts of the selfish and the wicked. (Text 3, Lines 1,2, and 5. ) His use of the devil as evil supports his belief that not everything is good. First-hand observation and personal narrative is required to have effective writing in order to grasp the attention of the audience. This is evident in Frederick Douglass A Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, Malcolm Xs The Ballot or the Bullet, and Immortal Techniques Dance with the Devil.

Pete Rose :: essays research papers

Peter Edward Rose was born in Cincinnati in 1941. He said that when he was growing up he rooted for the Cincinnati Reds just like every other kid in the area. In the summertime of most of his childhood years he played baseball constantly. He also played in high school, however he thinks that he was a better football player than a baseball player in school. He said that he liked to play football more because many people would attend the games, and not many showed up for baseball. "You could throw a bomb into the stands at our (high school) baseball games, and you wouldn't kill anyone". If it wasn't for Pete's uncle, who was a scout for the Cincinnati Reds, he would never nave played baseball. His uncle saw him play in high school and signed him to a contract with the Reds farm system. Pete started out at the class "A" level. He rose up quickly making the starting roster for the Reds opening day team in the same year, 1963. On opening day Pete said he wasn't nervous at all until about 10 minutes before the game. It hit him that he was now starting for the Cincinnati Reds, when not more than a year ago he thought football was his life. He walked in his first at bat, on 4 straight pitches. He said it wasn't because of nerves though, he just didn't want to swing. He got his first hit in the majors three games later, against the Pittsburgh Pirates. 	Pete played with the Cincinnati Reds from 1963 to 1978, and then he signed with the Philadelphia Phillies. He played in Philly from 1979 to 1983, and then he went to the Montreal Expos for 1984. He stayed only one half year in Montreal, having a desire to retire in his hometown Cincinnati. He played his final two and a half years, 1984-1986, in Cincinnati, and then he retired. He then went on to become the Reds manager from 1987 to 1989. 	During his career Pete Rose was called "Charlie Hustle" because of the way that he played. He played a "blue-collar" game of baseball, running out everything, and diving headfirst into bases with regularity. Few players can or will ever match the passion that Pete Rose played with. Rose was the leadoff hitter for Cincinnati's "big red machine" which was a force in baseball in the 1970's.

Queen Elizabeth Essay

‘The Taming of the Shrew’, written by William Shakespeare between 1589 and 1594, is a romantic comedy set in the Italian city of Padua. Since the play was written, the audience’s idea of comedy has changed quite dramatically. In the fifteen hundreds, an audience would have enjoyed obvious, visual aspects of comedy such as we would see in a modern-day pantomime, whereas an audience watching the play today would also enjoy less obvious aspects such as sarcasm, irony and dry humour. Shakespeare, although aware of Queen Elizabeth’s position as a strong and independent woman, also had to fulfil the expectations of the time. This is why the ‘feminist’ of the play comes out ‘Tamed’ at the end. Women were expected to be obedient to men, whether husband, father or elder, in the same way as commoners were subservient to the King and aristocracy, a model of society often referred to as the Great Chain of Being. This hierarchy supported belief in the Divine Right of Kings and, similarly, in man’s superiority to woman. The fact that the play is set in Italy further strengthens the link with the Italian tradition of Commedia dell’Arte, one of the major influences on modern pantomime. The subject of ‘The Taming of the Shrew’ – who shall have sovereignty in marriage – is also part of a long and well established tradition in English literature offering many opportunities for comedy, for example Chaucer’s ‘Wife of Bath’s Tale’ and Noah’s wife in the Medieval Mystery Plays. The play is primarily about love and respect between husband and wife, though there are many other underlying themes: the relationship between master and servant, violence, and oppression, sexual compatibility, marriage and its materialistic assets, family, and the relationship between appearance and reality. As the title suggests, the play follows the struggles of Petruchio and Katherina in courtship and marriage; Petruchio takes on the challenge of marrying the famed ‘Shrew’, known in Padua for her scolding tongue and uninviting attitude, and by the end of the play manages to tame her. It sheds light on the belief of the time that women should be completely obedient toward their masters, and that Kate realizes she will get nowhere resisting men and relents to Petruchio’s authority.

Experiencing a New Country: France Essay

In this short essay, I chose a country I traveled to that opened my eyes to different cultures. France is a country full of diversity and a place I would feel honored to return to, in hopes of learning more from the culture they have to offer. Traveling to France I expected to be entranced by the grand architecture and art that had contributed to history, I was mistaken. I found the heart and soul of the nation in the people. I realized, after much travel, that it is the people and their culture continually that amaze me. After exploring France, I discovered the invigoration of hearing a dissimilar language and learning how to adapt to the new environment. While some travelers carried the pride of their nation, I found it invigorating to assimilate into my new surroundings. In order to accomplish this, I decided to learn French in hopes that continual study of common practices would allow me to live the life of a Frenchmen. Upon arrival I found it easy to adopt the concept of public transportation, and each metro ride became more satisfying as I met varying people of varying nations. I then adjusted my eating schedules and found a taste for French cuisine. With this, I commenced greeting my fellow Frenchmen with, â€Å"Bonjour monsieur! † I was determined to not leave as a stereotypical tourist. I made it my goal to experience the nooks and crannies far from tourist France that is so often portrayed. That is when I found myself sitting in a local brasserie sipping â€Å"une lemonade† and thinking this is one adventure of a lifetime. Now being back in Texas, I hope to embark in my next adventure, to be apart of Colgate Univesity, an institution rich with culture and diversity that produces diplomats of the world.

Problem of Slaves and The Article Notes on Virginia Written by Thomas Jefferson essays

Problem of Slaves and The Article Notes on Virginia Written by Thomas Jefferson essays In this article, Jefferson discusses the problems that the institution of slavery created in Virginia and how it affected the slaves. The notes were written while Jefferson was the Governor of Virginia and were based on an inquiry made by the French legation in Philadelphia and discussed several different aspects of life in Virginia. The article explains the reasons why Jefferson believes that freeing blacks would be detrimental to the state. Jefferson begins by explaining that it would be difficult to incorporate the slaves into the state because of the racism that the institution of slavery had caused. Jefferson argues that "Deep rooted prejudices entertained by the whites; ten thousand recollections, by the blacks, of the injuries they have sustained; new provocations, the real distinctions which nature has made; and many other circumstances, will divide us into parties, and produce convulsions, which will probably never end but in the extermination of one or the other race." (Jefferson 182) Jefferson also asserts that the Black race is inferior to the white race on many different levels. He explains that this inferiority would make it difficult for the slaves to function in society. The notions of black inferiority abound throughout the article and the Governor asserts that blacks are inferior intellectually and in the arts, lack physical attractiveness and lack the ability to reason. Jefferson attempts to parallel Roman slaves with American slaves and concludes that the inferiority that he saw in black was not a result of their condition, but instead a result of nature. Because of this perceived "inferiority", Jefferson believes that abolishing slavery would be difficult asserting that the "unfortunate difference of color, and perhaps of faculty, is a powerful obstacle to the emancipation of these pe...

Expanded and Extended

Expanded and Extended Expanded and Extended Expanded and Extended By Maeve Maddox Tali asks, What is the difference between extended and expanded When do you use either? Although extend and expand can be used interchangeably in some contexts, extend applies to things that are being stretched out, while expand applies to things that are spread out. One implies length; the other area. If you extend your arm, for example, you stretch it out, making it longer. If your waist expands, its getting larger. As a business expands, or gets larger, it may extend its opening hours. Extend comes from a word meaning to stretch out, lengthen. (Latin extendere, stretch out, from ex out + tendere, to stretch.) Expand comes from a word meaning spread out, spread flat. (Latin ex out + pandere to spread, stretch. In this quotation that uses both words, extend conveys a lengthening of time, while expand indicates that more people will be covered by the credit: On Wednesday, the Senate voted to extend and expand the tax credit to include many buyers who already own homes. Here are some uses of both words: Laguna College of Art and Design officials hope to expand the library and build a new gallery. Availability of the iPad will expand to all of Best Buys U.S. stores Sessions Predicts Congress Will Extend Tax Cuts After Election Investigators are going to extend the probe until February 2011 A contract might be expanded to include additional specifications, or extended to last for a longer period: BP could expand the contract of a local disaster relief company, giving it the power to call in additional resources to defend Mobile Bay in the event its threatened by oil†¦ Last seasons UEFA Champions League runners-up, Bayern Munich, have decided to extend the contract of Coach Louis van Gaal. When expanded and extended are used as adjectives, context determines meaning: This article explains how to allocate memory and set up your system to run both expanded and extended memory. The Extended Mind refers to an emerging concept†¦that addresses the question as to the division point between the mind and the environment†¦ I have returned [from my travels] with an expanded mind and an open heart. Bottom line: Choose expand if what youre talking about is getting wider, becoming more inclusive, or taking up more space. Use extend if what youre talking about is increasing in duration, length, or reach. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 1The Many Forms of the Verb TO BETreatment of Words That Include â€Å"Self†

Virtual world Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Virtual world - Assignment Example 6 Figure 2: village†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Figure 3 Figure 1: the village with houses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Figure 4 Figure 2: a complete waste management game†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 1.0 Abstract The virtual world is an online society, which is in the form of a computer system environment. The main elements of the virtual world are the avatars that are visible to each other in 2-dimension, 3-dimension, and even as textual. The users of the virtual world related or interact through a computer based 3-D system and create objects no matter where they are located physically. The virtual world application enables the ma ny users to use such computer applications at the same time. Virtual world applications are used in marketing, prototyping, training, sales, replication and distance learning. Development of Digital virtual world involves the ability of producing a user-friendly environment where multiple users are able to interact. The virtual world is commonly used in institutions, schools, government organization, institutions, and corporations. Virtual world enables users to meet online and have the feeling of being together thereby enabling partnership of different countries. 2.0 Introduction In the world today, needs are arising of enforcing strong values on waste disposal through education of the masses, coming up with strategic planning and creating tools for effective communication towards enhancing behavioural change. To best capture the majority specifically the youthful population, there has been need to develop a series of game are designed that will capture their attention. Games are v iewed to be enjoyed when played. While people engage in playing games, learning is also enhanced through the game. Youths sand children are expected to gain constructive knowledge through virtualizing their world. Notably, the development of the game involves the same methodologies as applied in the application development. Therefore, this project aims at deploying the Agile Application development method. The Agile game development usually aims at educating children and youths on the collection of waste materials, that helps in conserving the environment. 3.0 Related Work Numerous virtual game applications are available in the market. Simcity Application is an example of a virtual world game where users can play the game by creating and managing modelled societies and world. Simcity does not make use of individual Avatars as a demonstration of the players. The Math - city is an example of simulation-based learning that supports students in their learning process especially in Mathe matical calculations. The advancement in Mathematics is used to promote the growth in the community. Recycle city recommends a point-and-click interfaces that will help in delivering environmental education the people. Nonetheless, this project will employ the 3D virtual world approach that can explore the use of an avatar as association and competition social methods. In this sense, the learner playing the game that involves environmental management techniques will develop the sense and the need of environmental conservation through the game (Kalivarapu et al, 2004, Pg. 7). 3.0 Objectives of the project The project is designed to help

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 16

Ethics - Essay Example The Chinese civilization focused on agriculture. Taoism and Confucianism acted as the two main schools of thoughts and Chinese philosophy. The interaction of Chinese civilization with nature has led its people to gain an appreciation and admiration towards nature (Gao, 2012). The Chinese culture highly value nature. The valuing of nature in this culture results from emotional influences. Chinese art such as gardening, landscape painting and poetry has a close relationship with nature. This shows that the pursuit of nature with harmony is a constant event and effort in Chinese cultural practice and philosophy. The Chinese culture views nature as a self-generating process of reproduction and production of life. The Chinese economy heavily relies on manufacturing and exporting, which leads to immense environmental degradation. Additionally, China has made huge investments in the exploitation of natural resources in Asia and African countries. This also leads to massive environmental degradation because of overexploitation. The interactions of Chinese societies with nature are influenced by the concept of chi that plays a crucial role in Chinese philosophy. The concepts of chi and empathy immensely influence the Chinese appreciation of nature. Chinese philosophy views nature as an organic system that is continuously self-generating. The concept of chi is essential in the ethical interaction and appreciation of nature. Chi contains both spiritual and material meaning (Gao, 2012). Cheng Chung-Ying states that chi contains epistemological, metaphysical and scientific theory and aesthetic dimension (Cheng, 1986, 356). Chi has characteristic features that are closely interconnected. These features are creativity, emptiness and continuity. Continuity means that chi is the basic component that makes everything. Therefore, all spaces and things are

Alternatives to Additional Transmission Lines To Meet Escalating Assignment

Alternatives to Additional Transmission Lines To Meet Escalating Demand in Northland and Auckland - Assignment Example As the operator of the national electricity grid in New Zealand, Transpower has the responsibility to ensure that adequate power reaches those areas of the country that need it. As things stand, the rising demand for electricity in the above-mentioned areas has necessitated Transpower coming up with a proposal to erect additional transmission lines, to the tune of $1.5 billion. This proposed investment is up for approval before the Electricity Commission, and the approval rests on Transpower proving that there are no viable alternatives to such an investment. There is the matter of alternatives that need to be explored, as indicated in the case, that negates the need for massive infrastructure investments in transmission and power generation, via distributed power generation facilities, for instance, that are erected close to the demand, in this case, close to the areas that need them. There are also ideas floated with regard to the reduction of so-called peak demand, and the possibl e construction of additional power stations to meet the increased needs of some areas, notably Northland and Auckland. The paper discusses these and other alternatives, and evaluates their feasibility alongside the proposed investment in additional transmission lines (Daniels 2004). II. ... e trend for power consumption ought to be positive in the long term, given the steady growth in the economy over the past few decades, and prospects for continued growth. It is ranked as the 65th largest economy in the world in 2011, with PPP GDP at $123.3 billion, and per capita GDP at $27,900, which places New Zealand at the 48th spot in terms of GDP per person. Services make up close to 72 percent of GDP, followed by the industrial sector at 24 percent. Key industries are the processing of wood, food, paper, and textiles; mining; tourism; banking and finance; and the manufacture of transport and other machinery and equipment. In terms of production of electricity, New Zealand production was pegged at 42 billion kWh, ranked 54th in the world in 2009, while consumption was 39.02 billion kWh in 2008, ranked 54th as well globally, making New Zealand self-sufficient in terms of power generation, with its net power generation greater than demand as of 2009. It consumes all of the natura l gas that it produces, at 4.481 billion cubic meters in 2011, ranked 5oth worldwide in terms of production and 68th worldwide in terms of consumption of natural gas. The country has proven oil reserves of 112.5 billion barrels, ranked 68th in the world, and oil consumption is pegged at 149,700 barrels a day, versus production of about 60,480 barrels a day in 2010, making the country a net importer of oil. These latter figures for natural gas and oil are relevant in terms of the fuel inputs to power generation (Central Intelligence Agency 2012). III. Industry Overview, Transmission Infrastructure There is merit likewise in a general overview of the power industry in New Zealand, in order to map out where and how alternatives to massive investments in transmission lines can be had and done.

Taxation System In Pakistan

Taxation System In Pakistan Taxation in Pakistan is a very complex system including more than 70 different taxes and nearly 37 different government agencies administer the tax system. Around 10 million people are registered to pay taxes but only 1.9 million people pay taxes [1]. In 2002, Transparency International studied 256 respondents, among which 99% were facing corruption regarding to taxation. Furthermore, 32% of respondents were paying bribes to lower their tax assessment, and around 14% reported receiving fictitious tax assessments [2]. Pakistan is one of the developing countries where tax to GDP ratio is very low. (Exhibit 1) From 1947 the sales tax was introduced at provincial level which was covering a limited area of commercial activities. In 1951 it was converted into a federal tax in 1951. The Government of Pakistan setup a National Tax Reforms Commission in 1985 to provide recommendations to improve the taxation system in Pakistan. The Commission submitted its final report in December 1986. As a result, the Sales Tax Act was introduced in 1990, it was a value added version named as General Sales Tax (GST). In 1995-96, GST was transformed into a complete VAT mode tax with its basic structures. In 1997-98 the tax base was extended to importers, retailers and wholesalers. GST was only covering the goods before 1990, which later on covered the services sector also. Tax collection was increased from 1990s to 2000s collecting US$ 2.67 billion in the recent years. Comparing With Some Similar Economies [3] The Indian economy is the 2nd fastest growing economy of the world and 12thlargest in term of exchange rate. Although, India does not have impressive track record in the growth of revenues, rising from6.8% of GDP in 1950s to 10.3% in 1990s and maximum of 12.9% in 2009. But the important thing is that the tax-to-GDP ratio is increasing constantly from 2004 onward. On the other hand, tax-to-GDP ratio in Pakistan has a declining trend from peak 13.2% to 8.9 in 2009. (Exhibit 2) Sri Lanka has been facing a worsened law and order situation since early 80sand economy of Sri Lanka showed a very low GDP growth. Although, tax revenues as compared to GDP has decreased in Sri Lanka but still they have high rate of 14.3% which is higher than Pakistan. Sri Lanka has coped with the problems in economy by focusing on its Tea exports, Tourism sector. Furthermore, government has also tried to improve the revenue collection. (Exhibit 3). Sweden is considered to have highest tax-to-GDP ratio in the world. Tax revenues in Sweden have touched a highest level over 50% of GDP. The personal income tax rate is highest in Sweden which is about 56.4%. Tax rate is progressive for the personal income in Sweden while in Pakistan we are facing a regressive taxation. (Exhibit 4) Reasons of low tax to GDP ratio in Pakistan There are several reasons why we are unable to collect the tax. Corruption is one of the important aspects which are casting great hindrance in taxation system. Other important reason is low literacy rate, which is very low as compared to many countries in the world.(Exhibit-5Literacy).Demography of a country also play an important role in the tax to GDP ratio. Pakistan has about 36.7% population which is 14 years of age or below. Hence working class is not growing to generate taxes. Terrorism, law and order situation, poverty and unemployment are also playing important role in low tax collection. Tax base in Pakistan is stable at 1%, on the other hand tax base in USA is about 24% and it is 20% in Malaysia. Tax policy is also not suitable in order to generate taxes and to extend the tax net. Another problem that we are facing is documentation of economy; nearly 52% of our economy is undocumented. Audit and enforcement is so weak in Pakistan that the audit agencies themselves are invo lved in corruption. Looking at different sectors, we can see agriculture has above 20% share in GDP but tax collected from this sector are only 1% of total tax collection. In this way contribution of different sectors is not properly distributed. Political influence is also a big hurdle in the taxation system. [4] Main Concern of Pakistans Tax Policy Government collect taxes from its people in order to spend the collection on the welfare of its people which includes national defense, debt servicing and other welfare related issues. While designing the tax policy a country should account the equity and justice for its people because a system is most effective when it is designed on the bases of equal and fair treatment of each tax-payer. But in case of Pakistan the situation is bit different, as a nation we are in debt by the foreign and domestic lenders which is due to our extra expenses incurred due to recent war on terror, our habit of corruption at national and international level and we are also tax averse society in which we dont feel ourselves responsible to pay taxes. Our current tax collection system is very weak which comprises of loopholes in the system accompanied by the corruption of Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) officers which speaks about the justice and equity of our government officials for their people [5]. After analyzing the height of corruption, special favor given to government officials or their friends, our undocumented economy and failure to increase tax net it has become necessary for any lender to set the target in order to continue the money lending and to make sure that their borrowed money can be repaid by the borrower. Initially the foreign lenders did not set any targets for us because they somehow believed in our commitments and also felt that we will pay them back their money as per the signed agreement but after the several failures of debt servicing, lenders started to analyze the root cause of this issue in which they found our tax collection system complied with old methodology of taxation i.e. General Sales Tax (GST) in which all the tax collected at the last stage which makes them aware of the fact that as a corrupt nation and low tax net economy it will become more difficult for them to collect their lent amount from us which lead IMF to set targets for us[6]. The reason they feel our system is outdated because now most of the countries in the world including the developing countries are eliminating the loopholes in tax collection system by introducing the Value Added Tax (VAT) and by increasing the tax net through VAT. Now the question arises what are the reasons for government to obey the rules set by International Monetary Fund (IMF). Firstly, we do not have enough liable system and funds by which we can manage our economy because of which we need IMFs support so that we can run our affairs smoothly. Secondly, reforming Pakistani taxation; certain actions such as reestablishment of the State Tax Organization, restructuring the law of direct taxation, introducing and implementing the value added tax, as a complimentary to the reformation of the existing law of direct  taxation and as an efficient and co-ordinate tool with the economic situation of the country has been taken in to account. Also, In General Sales Tax (GST) which is based on the percentage of sales, State loses 100 percent when someone evades tax whereas in Value Added Tax (VAT), a taxation system in which tax is applied in production process whenever the value is added to the product, if tax is evaded at one value addition stage government loses only some part of the tax Another reason for suggesting implementation of the value added tax is that, it is a suitable substitute for many other duties and indirect taxes, which has vast distortion effects  on the productive sectors and on the welfare and behavior of the consumers. Omission of the indirect taxes and duties causes  great decrease in the government revenues. Thus, the value added tax, in addition to compensating the income decrease of the government, can also increase the government tax  revenues. VAT also justifies itself more effectively because by implementing VAT it will result in the increase of tax revenues and also help to decrease the pressure on taxation for production sector also better for the investment by the adjustments in the income tax rates. It will also reduce the time and costs related to tax collection and also bring the sense of participation among the peoples [7]. On the proposal for introducing VAT in Pakistan by the government officials there was a huge resistance from the opposition parties because the main negative effect of VAT in economy of Pakistan is the need of accounting which needs to be done which will also effect on the accounting which business might need to perform. It affects small businesses because such business may lack in terms of accounting proficient peoples in order to track the tax of business. It is also highlighted by opposition that VAT will also result as a regressive tax policy in which rich person will get a fair deal by transferring their tax burden upon the poor people which will ultimately cost a lot for the poorer one but after analyzing the research paper of so many author we came to understanding that initially at the time of imposing VAT for the first time such problems do occur but there are also some ways by which government can address these issues. And it is also the reason that some of the critics of VAT states that it will also lead to inflationary price level which will hurt the economy as a whole but this is not as much true because the rationale behind VAT states that it will create the deflationary effect on the economy which will result in stable or low price as the time passes. And to respond the previous critic of VAT about being regressive policy, we can compensate the low salary class of people by introducing new tax policies which could help the m particularly [8]. The main concern of Pakistans tax policy is to increase the tax revenue which can only be done through applying VAT in which tax can be collected at every level whenever the value has been added. Its positive effects are more as compare to the reasons for resistance which government is facing in order to reinforce it and these resistance are natural because if we see other countries who are same as Pakistan have also faced the similar kind of issues while implying their tax system from GST to VAT and not just that but also we are running out of funds for which we have to comply with the requirement of Foreign Lenders i.e. IMF so that we can manage our economical issues comfortably. In the long run perspective, the VAT will not just increase our tax net but also make us self sufficient in terms of managing our self and we will also be able to service our debts which will results us as a freedom from the loan from IMF in the coming time period. Only critical fact which needs to be address while setting the tax policy on VAT is the corruption related matters which can be minimized by the VAT by its own self but government should also take some initiative while dealing with VAT implementation face because its more easy and possible to cheat if VAT is the system but on the other hand it will just miss the percent of Value Addition while on the other hand GST miss the whole hit if the tax payers manage to get rid of tax. Comparison of Complex VAT with Simpler GST As we know, in GST, tax is charged as a fixed rate at the end of supply chain where as in Value Added Tax system, tax is charged at every value addition stage so suppliers/vendors in the middle stages of production can evade tax by not registering with Financial Bureau of statistics. In VAT system, for example If a stage two supplier is not registered with FBR and supplies goods to third level in value addition and FBR takes information about the production of good from level three vendor, the tax evader at level will be tracked sooner or later. The world experience has showed that VAT induces a strong tax culture. Under GST system, due to tax evasion, tax gap in 2010-2011 was 79 percent [9]. One way to stop organizations from evading tax is heavily penalizing them. For example if the organization has already filed a tax return and fails to pay the tax liability or evades it should be penalized on daily basis. If a person registered with VAT fails to file return, under section 88 of the Federal VAT Bill 2010, value added tax liability will increase. If the tax return is not filed within fifteen days of due date, the supplier would have a penalty of Rs.1, 000/- for every day of default. Penalties on failing to pay the taxes would help collecting tax and there would be an incentive for organizations to pay taxes on time because if they do not they will be charged more [10]. Also the suppliers in the supply chain who are not registered with FBR will not be in a position to claim the tax paid at purchase levels. The in-built invoice based credit of VAT will promote economic documentation. Tax invoice is the most important and significant feature of VAT-induced documentation. VAT has self-assessment features and records business transactions through tax invoicing. Today Pakistan is facing a problem of undocumented and black economy. More than 30 %, calculated by electricity consumption approach, of Pakistans total economy is undocumented resulting in low tax revenues which in turn results in increasing tax rate and increasing tax burden on people who fairly pay their tax dues [11] see exhibit 7. VAT, with its features of penalizing and mandatory documentation of business activity, will help eradicate the norm of black economy from the nation. When in 2010 implementation of VAT was proposed, online registration of tax payers was also proposed. Difficult and rigorous registration is also one reason of people and businessmen not registering for tax. Historically as well as in present registration, under GST, has been a troublesome process because of which people avoid it hence huge amount of revenue is lost by government. If VAT is introduced, registration would become easy and those who do not register just because of the complicated process would start listing themselves which would eventually increase government revenues and its ability to pay off debt. It is also a general concern of people that the cost of compliance would increase dramatically if the VAT is implemented; this however, is not true. There will be no effect or increase in compliance cost of producers already registered/operating under GST regime and will automatically switch to VAT. But the new taxpayers who are not yet registered will have to pay nominal expense for VAT compliance. Because of IT- based VAT processes, cost of VAT compliance usually remains low for the taxpayers who release their tax obligations regularly on fair lines. [12] One of the reasons Pakistan has not been able to progress as much as other emerging countries have is because of the lack of proper infrastructure, low quality of education, and lack of governments ability to spend on public welfare. Almost all of the tax collected by government is spent on either defense or on debt servicing. The stage has come when Pakistan needs loan to pay its loan payments. With VAT the state would be able to collect more taxes with which Pakistan will be able to repay its loans sooner. Once Pakistan pays off all the loans it will be able to spend on infrastructure and improve quality of education. Better infrastructure and education would attract foreign investments which will increase GDP and eventually increasing the tax base; there has been a decrease of more than 3000 million $ from fiscal year 2007-2008 to 2009-20010 in FDI see exhibit 6. According to VAT law there is no difference between retailers and wholesalers. It also does not define manufacturer or manufacture. Every person, who is part of the production supply chain, is required to get registered with VAT if he/she is engaged in carrying out business activity of making supplies of taxable goods/services. Under GST only some of the industries are charged tax. For example, cellular services account for more than 80% of the total GST collected, rest of the countrys industries pay less than 20% of the GST revenue.[13] See Exhibit 5 . Now one problem could be that organizations tend to avoid taxes especially when VAT is practiced in the economy. But with the negative effects, payment of taxes has positive consequences as well; paying taxes improves the credibility of organization. People tend to purchase from organization that are ethical enough to pay its due taxes, it is most beneficial for small companies. If small organizations mention on their sites that the company is a regular tax payer, it will not just improves its credibility but will also enhance its ability to compete with larger firms. Tax refund is also a major problem under GST regime, VAT, however has a solution to it. Under VAT system refunds will be paid through speedy Refund Payment System. The system has already been set-up for exporters from the tax period April, 2010 onwards. Under this upgraded system electronic refund payments will be made directly in the bank accounts of the taxpayers. This new refund system will be expanded to cover all other classes of refund claimants in due time. Thus, VAT is the most appropriate tax system for Pakistan as it has the ability to deal with tax refunds without taking much time, its ability to track un-registered business entities, and its ability to increase government revenues and reduce tax gap.

lewinsky :: essays research papers

Results May Vary This product advertisement, for thumbuterol, the fat burner, begins to mislead the reader from the very beginning. The ad came from a very popular men’s magazine, Maxim, and is targeted directly at young males. It is intended to mislead the reader that it is a factual article, and not an advertisement at all, just from the look of the ad. The article uses headings and title fonts, similar to all of the other article in the magazine. This tricks the reader into starting to read the article without even considering that it is an ad, in hopes they will be taken in by all of their empty promises. From the very beginning the article plays on one of societies biggest weaknesses, that being their self image. Everyone wants to look different in some way, and most people would love to be thinner. The title, â€Å"A Killer Bod In Time For Summer†, misleads people into believeing that they will be able to get into shape fast in no time at all. It also plays on peoples weakness of self-image by conjuring up images of the beach in the readers mind. It does this by mentioning the summer and showing pictures of women in bathing suits. The article also plays on socities laziness by promising quick results with no work. This article also seems to use very sneaky rhetoric and invites the reader to reason fallaciously. The article seems to â€Å"guarantee† that the product burns pounds and shrinks inches in the beginning of the article, but no where else in the article does it mention this guarantee. The ad also states that it was reported by an AP senior nutrition expert, but it fails to make any mention of his name or even what AP stands for. By looking more closely at the article I conclude that AP stands for Alternative Pharmaceuticals, the company who is selling the product, and the reader is then left to question the credibility of the companies own experts. The ad also uses fine print to state that results may vary, and the fine print then goes on to state that the product has not even been reviewed by the FDA. The ad also uses big words to confuse the reder, such asmentioning that one of the main ingredients is Guggulsterone, derived from the bark of a tree in India. Cleverly disquising the fact that all they are trying to sell you is ground up tree bark.

The Training Programs And Job Performance Of The Rank â€And-File Employees

IntroductionIn a large enterprise training plays a vital role in a variety of administrative practices. It is considered as one statement of the total management activities of enterprise (Schein).Training for the Rank and File employees primarily is intended to prove skills in order to be productive and efficient. Training likewise aims to provide the employees the knowledge required in performing the job such information regarding the organization its goal and program its relationship to other units in the company and the relationship between employees work to that of other employees provide the feeling of the confidence, camaradene ,ease, and motivation to work in the harmony towards the attainment of the organizational goals.Training is also very important in enhancing the organizations competitiveness. The enhancement of employee skills to perform better job contribute much to the development of a better organizational image in the competitive market (Nadler p-12) it is important to the continued viability of the organization that workers, must update their skills as technologies change.Training is a vehicle for organizational change in that it educates employees about new corporate strategies and better ways to operate.A review of corporate education and training would show how training contributes to a firm’s competitive future. Given continuously changing economy and fierce competition and rapid technology change training is a way advance skills and increase knowledge of competitors especially foreign cultures and markets. A slowly growing work force requires making the best use of the current work force. A changing work force due to high turnover or rapid growths requires new training needs for providing workers lacking in  basic skills.Rapid advancement in technology has led to substantial organizational charges in many industries that have affected how work as done as well as the output of wok. A new technology has spread across the globe com petitors have increased with renew focus in the use of technology to enhance product quality and to increase a firms competitive advantage the organization approaches have required employees to increase their skills so team employees can interchange jobs thereby allowing flexible work schedules and maximum group efficiency same companies have compensated the employee not only for their performance but also for learning new skills that enhance their value to the firm.Training should be viewed as socialization agents that help people understand and make a commitment to the organizational strategies such business decision and not employee need to do be successful in the organization.Training has found a very important role in an organization that is why the research choose to conduct their study in Zilog company where a electronics components thus should able to determine which training program initiated in the company most effect to the job performance of the employees. This company w as accessible in their goal to be one competitive firm in the Philippines in able to succeed the goal of an organization. It was important to train the employee in order to acquire the new knowledge to perform their job well.The researchers choose the topic the training programs and job performance of the rank and file employees at Zilog Company Sucat, Muntinlupa City because they felt that through these study employees would develop their performance in work and the organization would be more productive and profitable by training program. The researchers want to know the significance of training programs in relation to job performance. Training is the systematic development of the attitude, knowledge, skill and behavior pattern require for the adequate performance for a given job. The  researchers choose Zilog Inc.Company because this is one of the competitive firms in the business industries and one in the Philippines that export products in other country like Japan.As such empl oyees have to be trained, developed and note if an organization is aid to attain its objective with the fullest cooperation of employees in leading organizational goals.The Statement of the ProblemThe researchers conducted this study to appraise the present training program of Zilog Company Sucat, Muntinlupa City for the rank and file employees. Specifically study will attempt to answer the following questions:1. What are the demographic profiles of the respondents in relation to:1.1 Age 1.2 Gender 1.3 Civil status 1.4 Educational attainment 1.5 Length of service in the company2. Which training program designed for rank and file employees affects them most in relation to job performance in terms of :2.1 Apprenticeship training 2.2 Vestibule training 2.3 Off the job training3. To what extent does the training program affect the job performance of the rank and file employees.3.1 Effectiveness in their job performance; 3.2 Efficiency in performing their duties and responsibilities4. Is there a significant relationship between the training programs into the job performance of the rank and file employee?Hypothesis of the studyThe hypothesis used by the researchers was a null hypothesis. It is denial of an existence of an attribute, a relationship or a difference of an effect.Ho. There is no significant relationship between the training programs and job performance of the rank and file employees.Significance of the studyThe result of our study â€Å"The training Program† in relation to the job performance of the rank and file employees of Zilog Inc Company Sucat Muntinulpa City, will create benefit to the following persons and entities.Management of Zilog CompanyHandle people to do certain tasks. It regards the well-planned and organized training programs for managers to prevent employees’ obsolescence and turn them into productive workers.Rank and File EmployeeWould be able to enhance their skills and realize their weaknesses. They would be better pre pare to unchanged their dislikes and responsibilities in the organization and improve the interpersonal relationship with their fellow employees as well as with their clientele through effective training programs.ResearchersCould gain knowledge and insight into training programs which be useful to his/her employment in the future. Commerce students of Pamantasan ng Lungsodng Muntinlupa by providing enough information about the effectiveness of training program in employees of Zilog company.Scope and limitationThis study determined to the training programs and job performance of the rank and file employees of Zilog Technology Inc Sucat, Paranque City.the rank and file employees of the said electronics company were the respondents of the study. The total respondents of Zilog Company are 30. The scope of the study includes the demographic profile of respondents’ extent of training program that affect the efficiency of the rank and file employees and types of training being given to the employees in the organization.DEFINITION OF TERMSFor understanding purposes the following are the definition of terms, used in the study.Apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of practitioners of a skill. Effectiveness means the capability of producing an effect, and is most frequently used in connection with the degree to which something is capable of producing a specific, desired effect. Efficiency in general describes the extent to which time or effort is well used for the intended task or purpose.Job Performance includes activities that ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner Productivity is a measure of output from a production process, per unit of input. For example, labor productivity is typically measured as a ratio of output per labor-hour, an input. rank and file are the individual members of an organization, exclusive of its leadership. The Training Programs And Job Performance Of The Rank –And-File Employees IntroductionIn a large enterprise training plays a vital role in a variety of administrative practices. It is considered as one statement of the total management activities of enterprise (Schein).Training for the Rank and File employees primarily is intended to prove skills in order to be productive and efficient. Training likewise aims to provide the employees the knowledge required in performing the job such information regarding the organization its goal and program its relationship to other units in the company and the relationship between employees work to that of other employees provide the feeling of the confidence, camaradene ,ease, and motivation to work in the harmony towards the attainment of the organizational goals.Training is also very important in enhancing the organizations competitiveness. The enhancement of employee skills to perform better job contribute much to the development of a better organizational image in the competitive market (Nadler p-12) it is important to the continued viability of the organization that workers, must update their skills as technologies change.Training is a vehicle for organizational change in that it educates employees about new corporate strategies and better ways to operate.A review of corporate education and training would show how training contributes to a firm’s competitive future. Given continuously changing economy and fierce competition and rapid technology change training is a way advance skills and increase knowledge of competitors especially foreign cultures and markets. A slowly growing work force requires making the best use of the current work force. A changing work force due to high turnover or rapid growths requires new training needs for providing workers lacking in  basic skills.Rapid advancement in technology has led to substantial organizational charges in many industries that have affected how work as done as well as the output of wok. A new technology has spread across the globe com petitors have increased with renew focus in the use of technology to enhance product quality and to increase a firms competitive advantage the organization approaches have required employees to increase their skills so team employees can interchange jobs thereby allowing flexible work schedules and maximum group efficiency same companies have compensated the employee not only for their performance but also for learning new skills that enhance their value to the firm.Training should be viewed as socialization agents that help people understand and make a commitment to the organizational strategies such business decision and not employee need to do be successful in the organization.Training has found a very important role in an organization that is why the research choose to conduct their study in Zilog company where a electronics components thus should able to determine which training program initiated in the company most effect to the job performance of the employees. This company w as accessible in their goal to be one competitive firm in the Philippines in able to succeed the goal of an organization. It was important to train the employee in order to acquire the new knowledge to perform their job well.The researchers choose the topic the training programs and job performance of the rank and file employees at Zilog Company Sucat, Muntinlupa City because they felt that through these study employees would develop their performance in work and the organization would be more productive and profitable by training program. The researchers want to know the significance of training programs in relation to job performance.Training is the systematic development of the attitude, knowledge, skill and behavior pattern require for the adequate performance for a given job. The  researchers choose Zilog Inc.Company because this is one of the competitive firms in the business industries and one in the Philippines that export products in other country like Japan.As such emplo yees have to be trained, developed and note if an organization is aid to attain its objective with the fullest cooperation of employees in leading organizational goals.The Statement of the ProblemThe researchers conducted this study to appraise the present training program of Zilog Company Sucat, Muntinlupa City for the rank and file employees. Specifically study will attempt to answer the following questions:1. What are the demographic profiles of the respondents in relation to:1.1 Age 1.2 Gender 1.3 Civil status 1.4 Educational attainment 1.5 Length of service in the company2. Which training program designed for rank and file employees affects them most in relation to job performance in terms of :2.1 Apprenticeship training 2.2 Vestibule training 2.3 Off the job training3. To what extent does the training program affect the job performance of the rank and file employees.3.1 Effectiveness in their job performance; 3.2 Efficiency in performing their duties and responsibilities4. Is there a significant relationship between the training programs into the job performance of the rank and file employee?Hypothesis of the studyThe hypothesis used by the researchers was a null hypothesis. It is denial of an existence of an attribute, a relationship or a difference of an effect.Ho. There is no significant relationship between the training programs and job performance of the rank and file employees.Significance of the studyThe result of our study â€Å"The training Program† in relation to the job performance of the rank and file employees of Zilog Inc Company Sucat Muntinulpa City, will create benefit to the following persons and entities.Management of Zilog CompanyHandle people to do certain tasks. It regards the well-planned and organized training programs for managers to prevent employees’ obsolescence and turn them into productive workers.Rank and File EmployeeWould be able to enhance their skills and realize their weaknesses. They would be better prep are to unchanged their dislikes and responsibilities in the organization and improve the interpersonal relationship with their fellow employees as well as with their clientele through effective training programs.ResearchersCould gain knowledge and insight into training programs which be useful to his/her employment in the future. Commerce students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa by providing enough information about the effectiveness of training program in employees of Zilog company.Scope and limitationThis study determined to the training programs and job performance of the rank and file employees of Zilog Technology Inc Sucat, Paranque City.the rank and file employees of the said electronics company were the respondents of the study. The total respondents of Zilog Company are 30. The scope of the study includes the demographic profile of respondents’ extent of training program that affect the efficiency of the rank and file employees and types of training being given to the employees in the organization.DEFINITION OF TERMSFor understanding purposes the following are the definition of terms, used in the study.Apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of practitioners of a skill. Effectiveness means the capability of producing an effect, and is most frequently used in connection with the degree to which something is capable of producing a specific, desired effect. Efficiency in general describes the extent to which time or effort is well used for the intended task or purpose.Job Performance includes activities that ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner Productivity is a measure of output from a production process, per unit of input. For example, labor productivity is typically measured as a ratio of output per labor-hour, an input. rank and file are the individual members of an organization, exclusive of its leadership.Training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competenci es as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies.Zilog Technology is a trusted supplier of application specific, embedded system-on-chip (SoC) solutions for the industrial and consumer markets.THE TRAINING PROGRAMS AND JOB PERFORMANCEOF THE RANK –AND-FILE EMPLOYEESOF ZILOG TECHNOLOGY INC.SUCAT PARANAQUEIN PARTAIL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MAJOR IN OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT